Posts Tagged ‘Winnipeg’

Long-Term Borrowing

Monday, December 5th, 2011


A major source of funds for capital investment is long-term borrowing, through the issue of bonds that are usually repayable after ten or more years. However, severe inflation makes it much less attractive to corporations to engage in long-term borrowing, by forcing interest rates to high levels. Inflation causes high interest rates in two ways: first, lenders demand an interest “premium” to compensate them for the declining value of their capital, and, second, the policies used by the government to restrain inflation involve increases in interest rates. In particular, the very high interest rates associated with the severe inflation of the 1970′s made many corporations reluctant to raise capital through bond issues that would commit them to paying very high interest expenses for many years.

It seems logical that such high interest rates would at least provide people with strong incentives to save, but this is not so, due to the effects of inflation and taxation. Figure 15-4 shows the return on $100 of savings invested at a 15-percent rate of interest for one year during which the rate of inflation is 12 percent. Although 15 percent seems like a high rate of interest, this is very misleading. While $15 of interest income is received, the purchasing power of the lender’s capital declines by $12 (12 percent of $100) due to inflation, leaving a real return of $3. Assuming that income tax is payable at a rate of 40 percent on the interest income, taxes will amount to $6 (40 percent of $15), leaving a net after-tax return of -$3.

 

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The Tax Implications of Overstated Profits

Thursday, December 1st, 2011


The problem of overstated business profits has important implications for capital investment, because business pays taxes on the exaggerated reported profits, not on more realistic inflation-adjusted figures. Because taxes on profits are calculated on these overstated profit figures, the taxes are also inflated – they are higher than the real profit situation warrants. As a result, the combined effect of inflation plus taxation has been to significantly reduced.

 

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The Effect of Inflation on Reported Profits

Sunday, November 27th, 2011


Inflation distorts the reported profits of business by making them appear to be much higher than they really are. Partly, this is because the purchasing power of each dollar of profits has been severely eroded by rapidly rising costs of capital goods. Another problem has been the accounting practices used by business (and required by the government) which have overstated profits by including in reported profits substantial amounts of funds that are not truly profits – rather, they are required to replace inventories and depreciated assets at prices made much higher by inflation.

Thus, much of the apparently high profits of highly inflationary periods such as the 1970′s is not really “profits”

the sense of being available for dividends to shareholders or, more important, for new capital investment. As a result, the reported profits of business during the 1970′s were largely an illusion created by inflation, and capital investment lagged despite an apparently strong profit picture.

 

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Precision Versus Usefulness

Wednesday, November 23rd, 2011


The irony of accountants preparing distorted income statements with great care and precision is perhaps best illustrated by the story of the balloonist who became totally lost in a great storm. Upon landing, the disoriented aerialist asked a man where she was, and was told, “You, madam, are in the gondola of a balloon.” “I take it, sir, that you are an accountant,” said the balloonist. “You are right, but how could you have known that?” asked the man. Because you’re information, while absolutely precise,” replied the balloonist,” was totally useless.”

 

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Inflation – Adjusted Rates of Return on Shareholder’s Equity

Saturday, November 19th, 2011


 Inflation   Adjusted Rates of Return on Shareholders Equity

 

(1) The break in the series is attributable to the incorporation of benchmark revisions and changes in sampling procedures. 1979 data correspond to the average of the first three quarters.

(2) Apart from the removal of inflation-related biases, the following adjustments have also been made: double-counting, which originates when financial statements containing inter-affiliate shareholders are aggregated, was removed; deferred tax liabilities were reclassified as equity; because rates of return relate only to the profitability of Canadian operations, foreign assets and associated income and expenses were removed from financial statements.

The ability of business to finance expansion out of retained earnings. Figure 15-9 shows the extent of this problem by presenting both reported profits and inflation-adjusted profits after taxes, expressed as a rate of return on shareholder's equity. Note that not only were the inflation-adjusted profits far lower than the reported profits, but also that the exaggeration of reported profits became much worse in the inflationary 1970's, as the reported rate of return increased while the real (inflation-adjusted) rate of return declined.

 

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Rules That Can Change Your Life

Tuesday, November 15th, 2011


Write Down Your Goals – Seven-Day Financial Makeover participants say that of all the habits they picked up during our week-long boot camp, it was learning to put their goals in writing that really made the difference.

 

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