Posts Tagged ‘Tight Money’

Changing the Secondary Reserve Ratio

Wednesday, July 13th, 2011


As noted earlier, the Bank of Canada is empowered to require the chartered banks to maintain secondary reserves of 0-12 percent of their deposits. The more of their funds that they are required to place into secondary reserves (mostly very short-term government promissory notes, or “treasury bills”), the fewer loans the banks will be able to make. Thus, another way in which the Bank of Canada can influence the banks’ lending and the money supply is by varying the required secondary reserve ratio: a lower ratio will permit more lending and a higher money supply, while an increase in the ratio will have the opposite effect, creating a “tight money” situation.
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Inflation since the early 1970′s

Sunday, July 10th, 2011


As we have seen, the 8 to 10 – percent annual inflation rates of the period since the early 1970′s have been dramatically higher than the inflation rates of 2 to 5 – percent characteristic of the 1950′s and 1960′s. Such rapid inflation rates have caused great concern among the public, as well as considerable confusion as to their causes. Generally, it is reasonable to say, that the real causes of this severe inflation were quite different from what the public believed to be its causes.

While the period since the early 1970′s has seen exceptional (and well-publicized) increases in oil, energy and food prices, as well as huge income gains by many groups, these were not the basic causes of the severe inflation, but rather contributing factors to it. In the view of most economists, the basic causes of the rapid inflation of the 1970′s lay in exceptional increases in aggregate demand, which simply outran the economy’s capacity to produce, thus generating the worst inflation in many years. Underlying these however, because the economy and the appropriate money supply generally grow from year to year, it is not often appropriate for the Bank of Canada to actually reduce the money supply, except for quite short periods. The question, rather, is generally how rapidly the money supply should be allowed to increase. When the Bank of Canada is seeking to slow down the rate of growth of the money supply by restraining the lending activities of the banks, these policies are also generally described as “tight money policies.”

Thus, the primary tool of monetary policy is the open-market operations of the Bank of Canada, in which purchases and sales of bonds by the Bank of Canada increase and decrease the banks’ cash reserves, and thus the money supply. The Bank of Canada, however, does have other methods of influencing the volume of lending by the banks and thus the money supply, some of which are discussed in the following sections.

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Side Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policies

Monday, April 25th, 2011


The monetary and fiscal policies described above will slow down inflation, but by depressing aggregate demand they will also slow down the economy, causing unemployment to rise. In particular, the high interest rates associated with tight money are likely to depress capital investment spending and the capital-goods industries, including housing. Thus, combating inflation with monetary and fiscal policies involves the sacrifice of other important economic goals, such as full employment and economic growth.

As a result, these anti-inflation policies (high interest rates, scarce credit, cuts in government spending) and their side effects (slower growth and higher unemployment) tend to be politically unpopular, making it difficult for governments to persist in using them for long. Despite these problems, these policies, particularly monetary restraint, are generally regarded as essential to combating inflation, because only these policies attack the excessive aggregate demand that is the root cause of inflation.

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Fiscal Policy

Thursday, April 21st, 2011


To dampen aggregate  demand in the economy, the federal government can use a budget surplus, with government expenditures less than tax revenues.

The most likely approach to a budget surplus is for the government to curb the growth of (or even reduce) government expenditures. Such curbs on government spending will be especially helpful in slowing inflation if they reduce the need for the government to increase the money supply to finance its expenditures.

*Because interest payments are one of the cost of doing business, some people believe that the way to curb inflation is to reduce interest rates rather than to increase them through a tight-money policy. While lower interest rates would have a slight cost-reducing effect on business, the easy money associated with lower interest rates would more than offset this by increasing the money supply and aggravating the problem of excess demand. In short, reducing interest rates is exactly the reverse of what is needed to combat inflation.

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Combating demand-pull inflation

Monday, April 18th, 2011


To attack the basic cause of inflation, the government must restrain the growth of aggregate demand for goods and services, by using its monetary and fiscal policies.

Monetary policy

To combat inflation, the Bank of Canada should should impose a tight-money policy consisting of higher interest rates and reduced availability of credit. By slowing the growth of the money supply, such a policy will ease the pressures of excess demand on prices and thus help to restrain inflation. It is generally accepted among economists that no anti-inflation policy can succeed unless it includes control of the rate of growth of the money supply. Thus, whatever else is done to curb inflation, monetary restraint is essential, because if money is created too rapidly, its value will decline (because prices of goods and services will rise).

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