Posts Tagged ‘Quantities’

The Nature of Supply

Wednesday, July 21st, 2010


For this price will be bid up toward the equilibrium level of $6. Only at a price of $6 per kilogram are the actions of both buyers and sellers in harmony, so that there is neither a surplus nor a shortage. As a result, the price will stabilize at the equilibrium level of $6 per kilogram.

The interaction of supply and demand can also be shown on a graph, as in Figure 7-13. On the graph, the equilibrium price of $6 is determined by the intersection of the supply curve and the demand curve at the equilibrium point (E). Similarly, the intersection of the curves determines the quantity that will be bought (and sold), or the “equilibrium quantity” of 50,000 kilograms.

In summary, the way in which supply and demand interact to determine the price of a product or service can be represented on a schedule such as Figure 7-12, or on a graph such as Figure 7-13. Both the schedule and the graph depict the behavior of buyers (demand) and sellers (supply) in the market for a particular good or service, and the equilibrium price and quantity that will emerge in that market.

Figure 7-13 is a very static representation of a market, showing the demand for and supply of steak at a particular time (March 1982). In reality, however, markets are not static as Figure 7—13 seems to suggest, but are dynamic, with constant changes in supply and demand occurring, causing continual changes in equilibrium prices and quantities. In effect, then, Figure 7—13 is a snapshot of a dynamic, changing situation at a particular point in time. In the next chapter, we will consider how markets change and adjust in response to changes in both supply and demand.

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What Problems Could Excessive Deficits Cause?

Monday, January 18th, 2010


That depends largely on how the budget deficits are financed. If they are financed by printing money, there is a real danger that rapid increases in the volume of money in circulation (the “money supply”) will cause rapid inflation. This is the most obvious danger in excessive budget deficits, and the one with which most observers are familiar. However, there is another, more subtle, danger in excessive budget deficits: they can also contribute to slow economic growth, or economic “stagnation.”

The Perils of Budget Deficits

Budget deficits can be likened to drinking liquor, in that if they are properly timed and used in appropriate quantities, they will not be harmful and in fact can be beneficial. However, as with liquor, excessive budget deficits can have severe side effects, including a “hangover” of severe inflation accompanied by stagnation, or “stagflation.” And, like a hangover, it can be considerably easier to get into this situation than it is to get out of it.

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Banker Preference for Early Maturing Securities

Friday, December 4th, 2009


But there is the danger that when the banker decides to sell his securities the prevailing market price will be unfavorable, and that he will be obliged to accept a price lower than the one he himself paid for them. The fact is that the market price of bonds shifts about constantly, in accordance with shifts of supply and demand. The face value of a bond, the amount which the bondholder is to receive on its maturity, never changes, but he will only receive that sum at the time specified as the redemption date. If he wishes to sell the bond before then, he must sell it in the market for whatever price investors are prepared to pay. That price will reflect the prevailing demand and supply situation, and may be substantially above or below the bond’s face value.

In the case of bonds which are due to be redeemed in the near future, the divergence between market price and face value is unlikely to be large. Very soon the bondholder will receive the face value, and he would be unwilling to sell now for very much less. In the case of bonds which are due for redemption only in the distant future, however, the divergence between market price and face value may be very great. There is no assurance that the holder will soon receive a specified amount of money for the bond; for a long time to come its market price will be determined by the vagaries of demand and supply.

To avoid the possibility of having to sell securities at a heavy loss, banks prefer to hold those which will mature within a year or two. Because of the proximity of their redemption dates, the prices of such bonds cannot diverge too greatly from their respective face values. The banks, therefore, generally prefer to purchase short term bonds, or long term bonds which were issued a long time before, and are therefore due to mature in the near future. Canadian banks also purchase large quantities of federal government Treasury Bills, most of which have a maturity period of only 91 days.

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Import Quotas

Saturday, March 28th, 2009


A tariff may not reduce imports to the degree hoped for by those who introduced it.  The foreign exporters or the domestic importers, or both , may absorb most of the duties and foreign exchange costs.  Because the foreign goods are offered to consumers at a little more than the former price and prices , the volume of sales may decline only slightly.  Or even if the full price of the duty is added to the selling price , consumers  may still buy practically as much as before.  In either case domestic producers of similar goods do not derive much benefit or benefits from the tariff.  Foreign goods may be selling in virtually the same quantities  as before, the share of the market held by domestic producers will be little changed, if at all.  Because of the possible consequences , a tariff imposed as a means if conserving foreign exchange , may similarly fail to produce the desired result or result,  With the volume of imports down only slightly, if at all the expenditure of foreign exchange and forex currencies will the same as before or down just a small amount or percentage.

Consumer gloom lightens in March | Euro News 24 – 04:10 The GfK/NOP consumer confidence barometer rose to a 10-month high of -30 in March from -35 in February, confounding expectations for an unchanged reading.The figures will provide some cheer for who is lagging in opinion polls and …

NewsDaily: Final Four fun overshadowed by Big Three gloom – The excitement of the Final Four was overshadowed by grim news for the Big Three automakers on Monday, pouring cold water on one of American sport’s biggest parties.

British consumer gloom lightens in March-GfK | Financial 24 – 03:39 LONDON, March 31 – British consumers grew less gloomy in March as lower mortgage repayments boosted disposable income even as the recession took an increasingly heavy toll on jobs, a survey showed on…

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TAT LOOKing TO MIDdle EAST TO LIFT GLOOM – Nationmultimedia.com – The Nation – Thailand’s top English news website, Thai politics news , business update , Bangkok , Thailand Travel , News in video – nationmultimedia.com

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Doom and Gloom by David Wygant – The stock market is down 300 points… Unemployment reaches 10% in California… Foreclosures are at an all-time high…

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Systems of Economics

Monday, April 9th, 2007


To achieve the best possible results , any country must carry on its economic activities , in a systematic and through manner.

The efforts of millions of people  must be effectively coordinated in order that they produce the largest possible output.  Care must be taken to ensure that the goods are produced in the right proportions : even the richest country in the world possesses only limited quantities of human energy , natural resources and capital equipment that if devoted too much of its productive capacity and capabilities will therefore have to produce less of other products of desired outputs  that would also have been economically and materially desirable and lucrative in a financial sense.

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Diffirent Economic Systems May be Employed

Wednesday, March 21st, 2007


Different economic systems may be employed . A socialistic system may involves complete control of production by government officials. The decide what is to be produced , by what means and what quantities. they decide too how the product is to be distributed .

A free enterprise system , such as the United States or Britain, involves the control of production primarily by private firms and individuals. Private persons , each controlling some part of the country;s economic power , decide what to produce and by what means; the product is distributed in accordance with private wealth and income.

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