Posts Tagged ‘National Debt’

Why Does the Federal Government Borrow Money?

Wednesday, February 10th, 2010


One reason for government borrowing is to finance the purchases of “social assets,” such as roads, hospitals, schools, public buildings and airports. Since these assets are too expensive to be paid out of the current year’s tax revenues, the government borrows the money to pay for them – just as households borrow to buy cars and houses, and businesses go into debt to purchase capital equipment or build facilities that are too costly to pay for out of current income. In each of these examples, the benefits of the asset purchased will be received over a period of years in the future.

It is important to remember that the national debt does not include the debt load of provincial or municipal governments nor should the national debt be confused with the federal deficit, which reflects only the annual increase in the national debt and not the accumulated total.

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Keynesian Policies and the National Debt

Thursday, February 4th, 2010


While it is true that the net federal government debt rose from about $3 billion in 1939 to over $22 billion by 1975. In practice, it is common for budget deficits to be financed by a combination of borrowing and “printing,” a practice that can be economically beneficial as long as the “printing” of money is kept within reasonable limits.

Part B: The National Debt

We have seen that the use of government fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during recessions requires that the government borrow money (mostly through bond issues) in order to finance its budget deficits. The total amount of federal government debt thus incurred – the amount of money owed by the federal government – is called the “National Debt.” By 1983 the National Debt will amount to over $100 billion, or nearly $4000 for every man, woman, and child in Canada.

The National Debt has, over the years, been the subject of a great deal of misunderstandings, fears, myths and political hypocrisy. Many Canadians believe, for instance, that the National Debt is owed to other countries and that Canada may go bankrupt because of it. Both of these are myths. On the other hand, few Canadians appreciate the real dangers concerning the National Debt. We will examine first the myths, then the real dangers.

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Government Failure to “Balance its Budget” – Why?

Monday, February 1st, 2010


This concern is often expressed in the words that “any business that ran that way would go broke.” Sometimes the reference is to government inefficiencies and waste, which no one condones, but often the reference is to budget deficits and the rising National Debt. However, the matter is not that simple. Most successful businesses accumulate not only productive assets but also more and more liabilities, or debt, reflecting the money that was borrowed to finance those assets. Businesses do not regard such a situation as bad management; indeed, the acquisition of the assets can be financially beneficial to the company by increasing its profitability.

Just as a growing economy requires more private productive assets, such as factories and equipment, it requires more social assets, such as roads, hospitals and schools. Both private and social assets are typically financed by borrowing, so that the debts of businesses and governments (as well as households) have risen. The simple fact that these debts have risen in no way proves mismanagement on the part of governments or businesses or households in general.

Another problem that contributes to misunderstandings concerning government deficits is that many people confuse a government budget deficit with business “loss.” Some types of government budgets lump together all spending – for “current” purposes such as payroll and “capital” purposes such as airports – so that, whenever social assets are bought or built, the government’s budget shows an excess of spending over the current year’s tax revenues, or a deficit. By contrast, a business’ income statement does not include “capital” expenditures, on items such as plant, as current expenses, and its balance sheet shows its assets as well as its liabilities (or debt). Governments’ budgets generally show the liabilities without showing the corresponding assets.

Furthermore, no business has the responsibility to prevent recessions in the economy, and deficit spending – financed by borrowing – is a proven method of fulfilling that responsibility. Rising unemployment gives the government the choice of either ignoring the problem or using deficit spending to combat it. Considering that the government is responsible for maintaining “full employment,” it could well be argued that good management sometimes requires the government to have budget deficits.

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 Government Failure to Balance its Budget   Why?

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Myths Concerning the National Debt: Isn’t any Debt Bad?

Thursday, January 28th, 2010


Not necessarily. Most households are in debt, or their cars, appliances, houses, credit card purchases, and so on. And practically every business in the country is in debt, to pay for inventories, equipment and facilities. As consumers and businesses have found, debt can be very useful if it is properly managed. As with debt in general, the dangers associated with the National Debt lie not with debt itself, but rather with excessive debt, as we will see.

Public opinion often tends to judge any deficit as evidence of economic trouble and sometimes as a firm proof of fiscal irresponsibility. Government deficits are inherently neither bad nor good. What matters about deficits is their impact on people.

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To Whom Does the Federal Government Owe the National Debt?

Monday, January 25th, 2010


The vast majority of the National Debt is owed to Canadians – those individual Canadians and Canadian financial institutions such as banks, insurance companies, trust companies and pension funds who have bought the government bonds. Many people believe that the National Debt is owed to other countries, so that it represents a claim by foreign creditors on our economy, a claim that could cause Canada to go “bankrupt.” This belief is incorrect, because generally, less than 4 percent of Canada’s National Debt has been owed to foreign creditors.

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How Can Budget Deficits Cause Economic Stagnation?

Friday, January 22nd, 2010


This is a good question – how can deficits, which increase aggregate demand, contribute to economic stagnation? The problem concerning stagnation arises not on the demand side of the economy, but rather on the supply side. If large government budget deficits are financed by heavy borrowing by government, in competition with business borrowing, the result can be depressed capital investment by business.

Business investment spending could be depressed for two reasons. First, the excess demand for the limited volume of savings could drive interest considered appropriate to borrow to buy them and repay the loan in the future.

Another reason for federal government borrowing is to finance budget deficits to combat recessions. Thus, the federal government’s responsibility for minimizing the effects of recessions sometimes requires it to go into debt. Historically, another major reason for government borrowing and increases in the National Debt has been the financing of wartime expenditures. For example, the Second World War added over $10,000,000,000 to Canada’s National Debt.

Each of the above is generally considered to be a legitimate reason for borrowing by the government. However, ordinary operating expenses of the government, such as its payroll, should be paid for by tax revenues. It is not considered to be good financial practice to borrow (or even worse, print) money to cover operating expenses, or to avoid a necessary increase in taxes for political reasons, any more than it is considered appropriate for households to go into debt to pay their telephone or food bills.

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