Posts Tagged ‘Monetary Policy’

Canadian Macroeconomics: Problems and Policies

Thursday, May 19th, 2011


In addition to their cash reserves, the banks may be required to keep “secondary reserves” of 0-12 percent of their deposits. These secondary reserves are mostly very short-term government promissory notes called “Treasury Bill,” which can be converted into cash very quickly. Since December 1, 1981 the banks have been required to keep secondary reserves of 4 percent of all deposits.

  • The control of the money supply

As discussed earlier, it is important that some control be placed on the creation of money by the banking system, so that the money supply grows neither too rapidly nor too slowly for the needs of the company. The agency responsible for controlling Canada’s money supply – the central bank – is the Bank of Canada. An agency of the federal government, it performs a considerable variety of functions, some of which are mentioned already. In this chapter, we will focus on the most important function of the Bank of Canada: its control of the money supply of the nation through its monetary policy.

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Combating cost-push Inflation

Friday, April 29th, 2011


However, cubs on demand and the money supply may not always in themselves be sufficient. We have seen that, in addition to demand pull inflationary pressures, there are also cost-push forces, and that these can be particularly powerful and troublesome if “inflation psychology” is strong among the public. Thus, if output per worker-hour is rising only 1 percent per year, and workers seek – and get – wage increases of 10 percent per year in their attempts to protect themselves from inflation, production costs (and prices) are bound to rise quite rapidly. Thus, while stressing the vital role of monetary policy, Beigie states that “monetary policy alone is unlikely to cure inflationary pressures originating in excessive income expectation…”, and adds that “it is imperative that expectations be kept in line with potentials.”

Another way to develop a budget surplus would be to increase taxes. In theory, an increase in taxes (for example, personal income taxes) helps to combat inflation by reducing consumer spending and thus aggregate demand. On the other hand, such a tax increase could also prove largely self-defeating. If many wage-earners succeeded in offsetting it by increasing their incomes more rapidly, causing additional cost-push pressures on prices.

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Combating demand-pull inflation

Monday, April 18th, 2011


To attack the basic cause of inflation, the government must restrain the growth of aggregate demand for goods and services, by using its monetary and fiscal policies.

Monetary policy

To combat inflation, the Bank of Canada should should impose a tight-money policy consisting of higher interest rates and reduced availability of credit. By slowing the growth of the money supply, such a policy will ease the pressures of excess demand on prices and thus help to restrain inflation. It is generally accepted among economists that no anti-inflation policy can succeed unless it includes control of the rate of growth of the money supply. Thus, whatever else is done to curb inflation, monetary restraint is essential, because if money is created too rapidly, its value will decline (because prices of goods and services will rise).

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The Money Supply and Inflation

Monday, April 4th, 2011


Excess demand is not merely the result of people wanting more: they must also have more money with which to buy, thus driving prices up. For society in general (consumers, businesses and governments) to be spending more money, there must be more money in circulation – the money supply must rise. Any period of rapid inflation is accompanied by rapid increases in the money supply. And, as we have seen, the growth of the money supply is controlled by the Bank of Canada, which is ultimately responsible to the federal government. Thus, the key factor underlying the rate of inflation – the money supply – is in the final analysis determined by the federal government. In determining its monetary policy, however, the Bank of Canada is not concerned solely with combating inflation. In particular, we have seen that increases in the money supply (easy money) can be used during recessions, to reduce unemployment. While easy money policies can help to lift the economy out of recession, there is a danger that the government will boost the money supply too quickly and/or for too long a time. Of course, this will result in a new surge of inflation, but only after a time lag.

Experts in the monetary aspects of economics say that if the money supply is increased excessively rapidly, inflation will probably begin to increase after about a year and will continue to work its way through the economy for another two years more. Thus, while rapid increases in the money supply may look like a good idea to a government faced with a recession and high unemployment, they are all too likely to cause a much worse inflation problem in the future. An excellent example of this was in Canada, where rapid increases in the money supply in 1972, 1973, and 1974 led to a very serious wave of inflation in 1973 and beyond. Following this experience, the Bank of Canada undertook to keep the rate of increase of the money supply within specified limits.

Generally then, the level of aggregate demand for goods and services is the key factor underlying the rate of inflation. Generally, inflation tends to be most severe during economic booms, when demand is high, and less severe during recessions, when demand is sluggish.

The growth rate of the money supply is, over time, the single most important determinant of the inflation rate.

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Money, Banking and Monetary Policy

Tuesday, January 25th, 2011


The banking business were different, so that you actually had to present it to the bank on which it was drawn, you would be so inconvenienced that you could be unwilling to accept cheques for most transactions. Fortunately, banks do accept one another’s  cheques. But the problem of presenting the cheques for payment remains. If a depositor in Bank A writes a cheque to someone who deposits it in Bank B, Bank A now owes money to Bank B.

There are, of course, millions of such transactions during the course of a day, resulting in an enormous sorting and bookkeeping job. Multibank systems make use of a clearing house where interbank debts are settled. At the end of the day, all of the cheques drawn by Bank B’s customers and deposited in Bank A. It is necessary only to settle the difference between these two sums. The actual cheques are passed through the clearing house back to the bank on which they are drawn. The bank is then able to adjust each individual’s account by a set of book entries; a flow of cash between banks is necessary only if there is a net transfer of cash from the customers of one bank to those of another. This flow of cash is accomplished by a transfer between banks of deposits in the Bank of Canada.

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