Posts Tagged ‘Medium Of Exchange’
Friday, January 21st, 2011
- Traditionally in economics, money has referred to any generally accepted medium of exchange. A number of functions of money may, however, be distinguished – the major ones are a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account.
- Money arose because of the inconvenience of barter and developed in stages from precious metal, to metal coinage, to paper money fractionally backed by precious metals, to fiat money, and to deposit money. Societies have shown great sophistication in developing monetary instruments to meet their needs.
- Today there is debate about what constitutes money. Concentrating on the medium-of-exchange functions, money is restricted to notes, coins, and deposits subject to transfer by cheque. It is difficult, however, to separate the medium-of-change function from the function of providing a temporary store of purchasing power between the selling and the buying of goods. Any readily salable asset that has a secure capital value can be a satisfactory store.
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Tags: Barter, Coins, Eagle Ridge Gm, economics, Exchange Functions, Fiat, Fiat Money, Functions Of Money, Gm, Inconvenience, Medium Of Exchange, Metal Coinage, Mobi, Monetary Instruments, Paper Money, Precious Metal, Precious Metals, Purchasing Power, Sophistication, Winnipeg
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Tuesday, January 18th, 2011
Often the quantity theory is presented using the concept of the velocity of circulation, V, instead of the proportion of the money income that people wish to hold in cash, k. The velocity of circulation is defined as national income divided by the quantity of money (Y/M). It may be interpreted as showing the average amount of “work” done by a unit of money while acting as a medium of exchange for the transactions that produce the county’s national income. Thus, if the annual national income is $1,200 billion and the stock of money is $300 billion, then each dollar’s worth of money is used 4 times on average to effect the exchanges required in producing national income.
Fortunately, there is a simple relation between k and V. One is the reciprocal of the other, as shown in the table. Thus it makes no difference whether we choose to work with k or V. An example may help to illustrate the interpretation of each. Assume that the stock of money people wish to hold is equal to one-fifth of the value of the transactions. Thus k is 0.2 and V, the reciprocal of k, is 5. This indicates that if the money supply is to be one-fifth of the value of annual transactions, the average unit of money must account for $5 worth of transactions – that is, each dollar must be used on average 5 times in order to bring about an aggregate value of national income 5 times as large as the stock of money.

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- Bucket Strategies for Retirement Income If you read much about investing strategies for producing retirement income, you've probably learned something about "bucket strategies." These are sometimes referred to as "time segmentation" approaches. The general theory is that different groups or "buckets" of investments are set...
Tags: Acting, Aggregate Value, Circulation, Dollar, Medium Of Exchange, Money Balances, Money Income, Money Supply, National Income, One Fifth, People, Proportion, Quantity Theory, Stock, Surrey British Columbia, Trucks, Velocity
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Wednesday, January 5th, 2011

The money supply can be defined in a variety of ways; M1 and M2 and M3 are published regularly by the Bank of Canada. M1 is the narrowly defined money supply that includes items that serve directly as a medium of exchange. M2 includes additional categories of bank deposits that serve the store of value function and can be readily converted into demand deposits or currency. To get M3 we add in bank term deposits that cannot be converted so easily since the funds must remain on deposit for a fixed term. Also included in M3 are foreign currency deposits. These can readily be converted but their value in terms of Canadian dollars is not fixed.
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- Why the Dollar Will Collapse! A few days ago I posted an article on why the dollar hasn't collapsed. Robert Kiyosaki has a good counter-argument on why he thinks it will.The Last Days of the Dollarby Robert KiyosakiTuesday, October 17, 2006In 1966, I was traveling...
Tags: Bank Canada, Bank Deposits, Bank Of Canada, Canada Money, Canadian Dollars, Demand Deposits, Eagle Ridge Gm, Foreign Currency Deposits, Gm, Gmc, Gmc Trucks, M1, M2, M3, Medium Of Exchange, Mobi, Money Supply, Smartphone, Stock, Surrey Bc, Term Deposits, Variety
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Saturday, January 1st, 2011
The total stock of money in the economy at any moment is called the money supply or the supply of money. This total may be defined in different ways. The most commonly used measure in Canada is M1 which is defined to include currency and demand deposits.
M1 is a narrowly defined concept of money that concentrates on the medium-of-exchange function. Funds held in demand deposits can be transferred by cheque or withdrawn on demand (i.e., without prior notice being given). The two forms of demand deposit offered by the chartered banks are current accounts and personal chequing accounts.
Broader definitions of money add in savings accounts and term deposits which serve the temporary store-of-value function and are in practice quickly convertible into a medium of exchange at a known and completely secure price ($1 on deposit in a savings account is always convertible into a $1 demand deposit or $1 in currency).
In our economy the quantity of money is affected both by the private banking system and by the actions of the central bank. The private banks affect the money supply as an incidental, but very important, feature of the conduct of their own business affairs. In so doing, of course, they respond to what is happening in the economy – to the level of business activity, to interest rates, and to the demands of their customers for currency and for loans. The central bank, which in Canada is the Bank of Canada, affects the money supply as a matter of deliberate monetary policy. Just how each of these influences operates is the subject matter of this chapter.
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Tags: Bank Of Canada, Banking System, Business Activity, Business Affairs, Chartered Banks, Chequing, Current Accounts, Demand Deposits, Exchange Function, Mainstay, Medium Of Exchange, Monetary Policy, Money Supply, Own Business, Price 1, Private Banking, Private Banks, Savings Account, Savings Accounts, Term Deposits
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Saturday, November 7th, 2009
The use of money as a medium of exchange eliminates the need for clumsy barter arrangements. Any commodity will serve as money so long as it is universally acceptable. To serve efficiently it should have the additional qualities of easy portability, easy recognizability, divisibility, durability, and stability in value.
For many centuries money consisted exclusively of metal coins. Paper money in the form of goldsmith’s receipts came into use in 17th century England. These were supplanted by bank notes; during the 19th century bank deposits came to serve as money also, and are now the most important form of money in modern countries.
The quantity of money in existence, together with the velocity of its circulation, will determine the aggregate of expenditures in any period, and so will strongly affect the price level.
The relationship between the money supply and the price level may be demonstrated by the transactions approach, or by the cash balances approach. The former emphasizes the significance of people’s decision to spend their money; the latter emphasizes the significance of their decisions to hold it. Since all money must be spent or held, the two approaches simply represent different ways of looking at the same phenomenon.
Changes in the price level can be represented by means of price indexes, which show the average change in the prices of many goods over a period of time.
The Canadian price level has risen considerably, though unevenly, during the present century. Its sharpest increases have occurredduring wars and in the immediate aftermath of wars.
Major price level shifts have important economic effects. The level of economic activity is liable to be adversely affected, and a redistribution of real wealth and income is liable to occur as between different groups of persons in the country.
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Tags: 17th Century England, Aggregate, Bank Deposits, Cash Balances, Century Bank, Changes In The Price Level, Coins Paper, Country Www, Durability, Economic Activity, Economic Effects, Goldsmith, Level Shifts, Medium Of Exchange, Metal Coins, Money Supply, Paper Money, Price Indexes, Principles Of Economics, Receipts, Velocity
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Tuesday, November 3rd, 2009
Inflation
The consequences of inflation are pretty well the reverse of those produced by deflation. When prices rise, business men enjoy windfall profit through the appreciation in the market value of their assets. The business outlook tends to appear hopeful so that business men generally are anxious to enlarge their plant capacity. Employment and production tend to rise. (Unless of course they are already as high as can be.) Debtors gain relief because of the fall in the real value of their debts and their interest obligations. Their gain is the creditors’ loss.
The decline in the purchasing power of money imposes losses on people who hold their wealth in the form of cash or fixed value securities. Persons on fixed incomes, such as pensioners and the recipients of insurance benefits, suffer a decline in real income. If it becomes perpetual or severe, inflation may produce a general disruption of the economic system. If the purchasing power of money falls steadily, lenders are likely to insist on inordinately high rates of interest, to compensate for the prospective decline in the real value of the of the sums which they will receive each year as interest, and the prospective decline in the real value of the principal when it is repaid. If the purchasing power of money falls very rapidly, people may refuse altogether to accept it in payment for goods or services. They know that when they come to spend the money offered to them, it will be worth less than it is currently worth. In such cases money can no longer perform its role as medium of exchange; transactions must be carried out on the clumsy and wasteful basis of barter.
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