Posts Tagged ‘Interest Obligations’

The Money Supply and Price Levels

Tuesday, November 3rd, 2009


Inflation

The consequences of inflation are pretty well the reverse of those produced by deflation. When prices rise, business men enjoy windfall profit through the appreciation in the market value of their assets. The business outlook tends to appear hopeful so that business men generally are anxious to enlarge their plant capacity. Employment and production tend to rise. (Unless of course they are already as high as can be.) Debtors gain relief because of the fall in the real value of their debts and their interest obligations. Their gain is the creditors’ loss.

The decline in the purchasing power of money imposes losses on people who hold their wealth in the form of cash or fixed value securities. Persons on fixed incomes, such as pensioners and the recipients of insurance benefits, suffer a decline in real income. If it becomes perpetual or severe, inflation may produce a general disruption of the economic system. If the purchasing power of money falls steadily, lenders are likely to insist on inordinately high rates of interest, to compensate for the prospective decline in the real value of the of the sums which they will receive each year as interest, and the prospective decline in the real value of the principal when it is repaid. If the purchasing power of money falls very rapidly, people may refuse altogether to accept it in payment for goods or services. They know that when they come to spend the money offered to them, it will be worth less than it is currently worth. In such cases money can no longer perform its role as medium of exchange; transactions must be carried out on the clumsy and wasteful basis of barter.

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Significance of Changes in the Price Level

Saturday, October 31st, 2009


Major price level movements, such as Canada has experienced, generally have profoundly disturbing repercussions. They may significantly affect the level at which the economy operates, and are likely to bring about pronounced shifts in the real wealth and income of different members of the community.

Deflation

The marked deflation of 1920 and the early 1930′s were accompanied by sharp reductions in the levels of profits, employment, and production. Businessmen who had acquired large inventories, at high prices, lost heavily when prices fell. Falling prices generated pessimism in regard to the future and a general hesitation to produce goods for future sale, or to undertake investments which would yield their benefit in the future. A great many workers lost their jobs and production declined heavily. Debtors became heavily oppressed as falling prices increased the real value of their debts and of their interest obligations. In many cases the falling prices, at the same time, sharply reduced debtors incomes. Thus farmers of Western Canada who had borrowed large sums to purchase more land and equipment, were reduced to desperate straits when the prices of farm products fell heavily. With incomes sharply reduced, the obligation to pay a fixed amount of interest each year proved to be a crushing burden. they suffered in this way in the early 1920′s and again in the 1930′s.

Not all people were adversely affected by deflation, however. People who had savings in the form of cash or fixed value securities such as bonds, found that the real value of their savings had increased. With prices lower, each dollar of their savings could buy more than before. People whose incomes were fixed in terms of money similarly benefited from the deflation. Pensioners receiving fixed pensions, bondholders who received fixed amounts of money as interest, employees who continued to receive their usual salaries, all found that the deflation had increased their real incomes. Not all bondholders and salaried employees were so lucky, however. Many bondholders were unable during deflationary periods to collect the money due them, and many salaried employees lost their jobs. The seemingly “fixed’ incomes turned out not to be “fixed” after all.

Economic Political Satire

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