Posts Tagged ‘Government Expenditures’

Fiscal Policy

Thursday, April 21st, 2011


To dampen aggregate  demand in the economy, the federal government can use a budget surplus, with government expenditures less than tax revenues.

The most likely approach to a budget surplus is for the government to curb the growth of (or even reduce) government expenditures. Such curbs on government spending will be especially helpful in slowing inflation if they reduce the need for the government to increase the money supply to finance its expenditures.

*Because interest payments are one of the cost of doing business, some people believe that the way to curb inflation is to reduce interest rates rather than to increase them through a tight-money policy. While lower interest rates would have a slight cost-reducing effect on business, the easy money associated with lower interest rates would more than offset this by increasing the money supply and aggravating the problem of excess demand. In short, reducing interest rates is exactly the reverse of what is needed to combat inflation.

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Financing Deficits: Where will the Money come from?

Sunday, February 21st, 2010


The use of fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during recessions requires that the government have budget deficits, with government expenditures larger than tax revenues. Where will the necessary money come from to finance such deficits? There are two possible sources of funds to finance budget deficits.

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Financing Deficit:Where will the Money Come From?

Tuesday, September 8th, 2009


The use of fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during recessions requires that the government have budget deficits, with government expenditures larger than tax revenues. Where will the necessary money come from to finance such deficits? There are two possible sources of funds to finance budget deficits.

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Automatic Stabilizers

Friday, August 28th, 2009



 Automatic Stabilizers

As noted above, certain types of government expenditures, such as unemployment insurance and welfare, tend to wise automatically during recessions, as unemployment rises. In addition to this, many of the government’s tax revenues, such as those from income taxes, profits taxes and sales taxes, tend to be depressed by slower economic activity during recessions. With government tax revenues depressed and expenditures rising, there is an automatic tendency for the government’s budget to go into a “deficit” as a recession develops. This budget deficit will then help to counteract the recession automatically, which is why such government expenditures and tax revenues are called “automatic stabilizers”.

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Increases in Government Expenditures

Wednesday, August 19th, 2009



 Increases in Government Expenditures

We have seen how increases in government spending can raise the level of aggregate demand and help to lift the economy out of recession. Traditionally, governments have used public works for this purpose, building roads, bridges, parks and public buildings when the economy was slack and the construction industry was particularly depressed. Some programs to increase government spending, such as public works projects or special relief or temporary job programs, must be planned and set up, which creates delays in their implementation. However, there are other types of government spending, such as unemployment insurance and welfare payments, which tend to rise automatically when the economy slips into recession, thus providing automatic support to the level of aggregate demand.


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Government Fiscal Policy

Sunday, August 16th, 2009


The use of government spending and taxes (the federal budget) to influence the level of aggregate demand and thus the performance of the economy is called “fiscal policy.” To stimulate a sluggish economy with increased aggregate demand, we have seen that the government uses a budget “deficit,” with government expenditures in excess of tax revenues. A natural counterpart of this would be to use a budget “surplus,” with tax revenues greater than government spending, to combat inflation. Since inflation is basically caused by aggregate demand rising faster than output can rise, a budget “surplus” can help to ease inflation by depressing the level of aggregate demand in the economy. This and other anti-inflation policies will be considered in more detail. The third possibility regarding fiscal policy would be a “balanced budget,” in which government expenditures and tax revenues  would be equal. Such a budget would be appropriate when neither unemployment nor inflation was considered unacceptably high, as the economy would not benefit from an adjustment to the level of aggregate demand.

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