Posts Tagged ‘Fiscal Policy’

Monetarism: A New Focus for Economics?

Saturday, January 2nd, 2010


For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930′s, the focus on economics was on recession, and the main concern of economic policy was to combat recession. The key elements of this elements were “Keynesian” fiscal policies, particularly budget deficits to boost aggregate demand and lift the economy out of recessions. Fiscal policy was regarded as the active ingredient of economic policy, whereas monetary policy was seen as playing a secondary role, attracting much less attention.

Since the early 1970′s, however, the importance attached to the money supply and to the Bank of Canada’s monetary policies has increased dramatically. This is because the most serious problem of this period has been severe inflation, associated with exceptionally rapid increases in the money supply. This has drawn critical attention to the Bank of Canada’s monetary policies, which its critics see as having caused severe inflation by allowing excessively rapid growth of the money supply. These critics are often called “monetarists,” and their theories “monetarism” – a term subject to varying interpretations. In its milder forms, it refers simply to an increased emphasis on controlling the growth of the money supply in order to restrain inflation. Its more extreme proponents insist that only excessive increases in the money supply cause inflation, that only curbs on money-supply growth can combat inflation, and that the government should never increase the money supply at rates above a specified limit.

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The National Debt

Thursday, September 17th, 2009


We have seen that the use of government fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during recessions requires that the government borrow money (mostly through bond issues) in order to finance its budget deficits. The total amount of federal government debt thus incurred – the amount of money owed by the federal government – is called the “National Debt.” By 1983 the National Debt will amount t over $100 billion, or nearly $4000 for every man, woman, and child in Canada.

The National Debt has, over the years, been the subject of a great deal of misunderstandings, fears, myths and political hypocrisy. Many Canadians believe, for instance, that the National Debt is owed to other countries and that Canada may go bankrupt because of it. Both of these ideas are myths. On the other hand, few Canadians appreciate the real dangers concerning the National Debt. We will examine first the myths, then the real dangers.

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Financing Deficit:Where will the Money Come From?

Tuesday, September 8th, 2009


The use of fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during recessions requires that the government have budget deficits, with government expenditures larger than tax revenues. Where will the necessary money come from to finance such deficits? There are two possible sources of funds to finance budget deficits.

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Pump Priming

Saturday, September 5th, 2009


Fiscal policy to stimulate the economy can also involve the accelerator effect. Once the level of consumption spending has risen to the point where it is causing induced investment spending by business, the economy should be able to carry on its recovery without further stimulation from government budget deficits. In fact, further deficits at this point would not help the economy; they would only boost demand to excessive levels and cause inflation. This is the concept of “pump priming” : to get a well to work, you have to pour some water into it first; however, after that is done, the well works without further assistance. Similarly, the economy may benefit from a boost to start it on a path to recovery out of a slump, but beyond a point, no further boosts are needed.
The concept of “pump priming” views budget deficits as a temporary stimulus to the economy rather than as a permanent replacement for business investment spending. Indeed, in a basically “free-enterprise” economy, government spending cannot replace business investment’s vital role of adding to the economy’s stock of capital goods, and thus to future prosperity. Thus, the key to long-term prosperity lies in private business capital investment, while temporary expansion of government spending and budget deficits can help to combat periodic recessions.

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The Multiplier and Fiscal Policy

Monday, August 31st, 2009


As we have seen, fiscal policy is used to stabilize the economy in recessions by increasing the level of spending on goods and services by government, consumers or businesses. The effect of any such increase in spending will, however, spread through the economy due to the multiplier effect, as increases in income generated by the policy are respent again and again. For example, a government road-building program will increase the incomes of construction workers, who will spend part of their increased incomes on consumer goods and services, starting a chain of respending that will increase total incomes and GNP by about 1.6 times the original increase in government spending.

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Similarly, personal income tax cuts that boost consumer spending will initiate a respending effect that will ripple through the economy.

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 The Multiplier and Fiscal Policy

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Government Fiscal Policy

Sunday, August 16th, 2009


The use of government spending and taxes (the federal budget) to influence the level of aggregate demand and thus the performance of the economy is called “fiscal policy.” To stimulate a sluggish economy with increased aggregate demand, we have seen that the government uses a budget “deficit,” with government expenditures in excess of tax revenues. A natural counterpart of this would be to use a budget “surplus,” with tax revenues greater than government spending, to combat inflation. Since inflation is basically caused by aggregate demand rising faster than output can rise, a budget “surplus” can help to ease inflation by depressing the level of aggregate demand in the economy. This and other anti-inflation policies will be considered in more detail. The third possibility regarding fiscal policy would be a “balanced budget,” in which government expenditures and tax revenues  would be equal. Such a budget would be appropriate when neither unemployment nor inflation was considered unacceptably high, as the economy would not benefit from an adjustment to the level of aggregate demand.

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