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A Brief History of Old Canadian Coins Numismatists enjoy getting to know the history of any coins. This is why those interested in collecting Canadian coins are interested in getting the oldest coins possible as well as the rarest. As the history of the old Canadian coins...
Brett Favre May Lose $100 Million! Does Anybody Else See Something Wrong With This Picture? I absolutely HATE celebrity gossip! That's why I try hard to avoid any "news" article that is just updating me on someone's relationship, or party habits. Even when it's a sports mega-star like Brett Favre. However, I came across this...
Getting Out of Debt Quickly pt 1 You are probably familiar with this feeling: Your bills are constantly piling up, but you feel so far behind that you simply cannot bear to even open them. When you do open them, you quickly realize that there is only...
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Tags: Auto Finance, Banks, Belief, Canada, Canadian Financial Institutions, Canadians, Countries, Creditors, Economy, Federal Government, forex, Government Bonds, Insurance, Insurance Companies, Many People, National Debt, Pension Funds, Trust Companies, Winnipeg
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How Can Budget Deficits Cause Economic Stagnation?

Friday, January 22nd, 2010

This is a good question – how can deficits, which increase aggregate demand, contribute to economic stagnation? The problem concerning stagnation arises not on the demand side of the economy, but rather on the supply side. If large government budget deficits are financed by heavy borrowing by government, in competition with business borrowing, the result can be depressed capital investment by business.

Business investment spending could be depressed for two reasons. First, the excess demand for the limited volume of savings could drive interest considered appropriate to borrow to buy them and repay the loan in the future.

Another reason for federal government borrowing is to finance budget deficits to combat recessions. Thus, the federal government’s responsibility for minimizing the effects of recessions sometimes requires it to go into debt. Historically, another major reason for government borrowing and increases in the National Debt has been the financing of wartime expenditures. For example, the Second World War added over $10,000,000,000 to Canada’s National Debt.

Each of the above is generally considered to be a legitimate reason for borrowing by the government. However, ordinary operating expenses of the government, such as its payroll, should be paid for by tax revenues. It is not considered to be good financial practice to borrow (or even worse, print) money to cover operating expenses, or to avoid a necessary increase in taxes for political reasons, any more than it is considered appropriate for households to go into debt to pay their telephone or food bills.

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Tags: Aggregate Demand, Auto Finance, Business Business, Business Investment, Capital Investment, Cbc, Economic Stagnation, Economy, Excess Demand, Expenditures, Federal Government, Food Bills, Good Question, Government Budget Deficits, Households, Legitimate Reason, Manitoba Area, National Debt, Operating Expenses, Payroll, Quality Www, Recessions, Second World War, Tax Revenues, Winnipeg, Winnipeg Manitoba
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“Day-to-Day” Loans

Monday, December 7th, 2009

Since 1954, Canada’s banks have been employing in a new way those funds which they are prepared to invest for only very short periods. In addition to purchasing Treasury Bills on their own behalf, they have been lending spare cash to investment dealers which the latter in turn use to buy Treasury Bills. (The dealers are continuously purchasing these Bills on behalf of clients or for their own portfolios, and therefore very frequently need bank loans to pay for these purchases.) These bank loans to dealers are made on a “day-to-day” basis; the bank has the right to demand repayment of the loan at any time. Once the bank demands repayment, the dealer must repay the loan within a matter of hours. To the banker these “day-to-day” loans are even more liquid than Treasury Bills; they can be converted into cash more speedily, and they involve no risk whatsoever of capital loss. Whereas even a 91 day Treasury Bill may have fallen slightly in value when a banker wishes to sell it to raise cash, a “day-to-day” borrower must repay exactly what he has borrowed. The rate of interest received on such loans is of course always lower than the rate currently earned on Treasury Bills, but the banks are willing to accept the lower interest in order to gain the higher liquidity.

These Bills are in effect very short term bonds. The federal government, which needs cash at all times to meet its daily expenses, offers Treasury bills for sale each week (currently about $100 million weekly). These are offered for sale on a tender basis. Anyone can bid for them, indicating in his bid the quantity he wishes to buy and the price he is prepared to pay. The price paid by a successful tenderer determines the interest he receives, since this will consist of the difference between that price, and the face value of the Bill which he will receive upon its maturity date.

The banks are the chief bidders at the weekly auctions of Treasury Bills; the short maturity of the Bills renders them an excellent investment for any bank which has cash to spare but does not wish to commit that cash for a lengthy period. Furthermore, if a bank buys Bills regularly, it will regularly receive cash, for Bills which mature. If a bank buys $1 million worth of 91 day (13 week) Treasury Bills every week, Then each week it will receive $1 million from the federal government in redemption of the Bills which it had bought 13 weeks before. If ever the bank wished to increase its cash in any week, it could simply refrain from buying any new Bills that week; its cash would automatically rise by $1 million, through the redemption by the government of Bills which currently became due for repayment.

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Tags: 100 Million, 91 Day Treasury Bill, Auctions, Bank Loans, Banks, Bidders, Day Loans, Face Value, Federal Government, Inves, invest, Investment Dealers, liquidity, Loans Canada, Maturity Date, Portfolios, Rate Of Interest, Risk, Short Periods, Tenderer, Term Bonds, Treasury Bills
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Banker Preference for Early Maturing Securities

Friday, December 4th, 2009

But there is the danger that when the banker decides to sell his securities the prevailing market price will be unfavorable, and that he will be obliged to accept a price lower than the one he himself paid for them. The fact is that the market price of bonds shifts about constantly, in accordance with shifts of supply and demand. The face value of a bond, the amount which the bondholder is to receive on its maturity, never changes, but he will only receive that sum at the time specified as the redemption date. If he wishes to sell the bond before then, he must sell it in the market for whatever price investors are prepared to pay. That price will reflect the prevailing demand and supply situation, and may be substantially above or below the bond’s face value.

In the case of bonds which are due to be redeemed in the near future, the divergence between market price and face value is unlikely to be large. Very soon the bondholder will receive the face value, and he would be unwilling to sell now for very much less. In the case of bonds which are due for redemption only in the distant future, however, the divergence between market price and face value may be very great. There is no assurance that the holder will soon receive a specified amount of money for the bond; for a long time to come its market price will be determined by the vagaries of demand and supply.

To avoid the possibility of having to sell securities at a heavy loss, banks prefer to hold those which will mature within a year or two. Because of the proximity of their redemption dates, the prices of such bonds cannot diverge too greatly from their respective face values. The banks, therefore, generally prefer to purchase short term bonds, or long term bonds which were issued a long time before, and are therefore due to mature in the near future. Canadian banks also purchase large quantities of federal government Treasury Bills, most of which have a maturity period of only 91 days.

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Bank Investment in Securities

Saturday, November 28th, 2009

One important qualification must be made here. The typical commercial bank does not simply set aside an appropriate cash reserve out of the money brought in by depositors, and then lend out all of the remainder to borrowers. Most commercial banks will use some of the money at their disposal to purchase federal government bonds. Such securities have two attractive features. They yield interest to the holder, and they can be readily bought or sold in the market at any time. It often happens that banks have surplus cash which no one wants to borrow; there is after all no guarantee that reliable people will always stand ready to borrow the exact amount which a banker has available to lend. The banker, when he has funds which he does not need for reserve purposes, and for which there are no borrowers, will use these funds to purchase government bonds. By doing so, he earns interest on money which otherwise would have been idle.

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How Much Money Do I Need To Buy My First Home? Good Morning Everyone. It’s time for the next post in our Investing Our Money in Our Twenties series. Today’s post is all about buying a home; we will discuss how much money we need for our down payment, as...
Learning to Live on Less Than You Make The second Biblical Financial principle was to start saving money. Today we introduce the third principle which is the key to saving money. This principle is very simple, but not always easy. In order to start saving money you have...

Tags: Attractive Features, Auto Finance, Borrowers, Commercial Banks, Depositors, Federal Government, Government Bonds, Government Securities, Money, Remainder, Surplus Cash, Winnipeg
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Recent Changes

Tuesday, November 24th, 2009

This legislative restriction, together with the banks’ reluctance to make loans of long duration, gave rise to a great many difficulties and complaints. Farmers, fisherman and small business men who required implements, equipment and machinery, could not readily borrow the necessary funds from the banks, since they would only be able to repay the loans out of several years’ earnings. Homeowners who wished to carry out major repairs to their homes could not borrow the necessary money from banks, since they could only undertake to repay the loans over a period of years.

Parliament in recent years has passed legislation designed to remedy these specific deficiencies. By offering to share part of the losses which a bank might incur in making such loans, the government has encouraged the banks to lend money to farmers and fishermen for the purchase of implements and equipment, and to homeowners for the repair of their homes. The banks have been authorized, furthermore, to extend loans to farmers and fishermen on the security of property. In 1944 the government established the Industrial Development Bank as an agency which would lend money to small businessmen on longe terms than could be obtained from the regular commercial banks.

Legislation introduced in 1954 authorized Canada’s banks to extend loans toward the construction of houses and apartment buildings. The reason for this new departure was the government’s fear that the main sources of funds for such purposes, the life insurance companies would soon be unable to supply all the money required. The possibility existed, therefore, that home construction might be curtailed because builders would not be able to borrow enough money. With the banks authorized to lend for home construction, a major new source of funds would be available to builders. So far as the banks were concerned the loans would be virtually, risk-free, being guaranteed to the extent of approximately 98 percent by the Federal Government’s Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation.

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