Posts Tagged ‘Economic System’

Wages and Output per Worker-hour

Wednesday, July 6th, 2011


forex4 300x132 Wages and Output per Worker hour

 

Myth #2: Wages rising faster than productivity means cost-pushing inflation is occuring

Does Figure 12-6 prove that cost-push pressures are causing inflation? Most people would say “yes,’ but in fact it does not. It shows that wages are rising quickly enough to generate inflation, but it does not tell us why wages are rising that rapidly. Perhaps a strong labor union is pushing up wage rates, making this indeed a case of cost-push inflation. Or, perhaps the graph shows non-union wages (such as computer programmers) being pulled up by heavy demand for their skills in the face of a shortage of computer programmers.

Myth #3: All wage and price increases have negative economic effects because they generate inflation

This is a commonly held belief, but is not always true. In a market economy, wages and prices are constantly changing in response to changes in supply and demand. For example, in myth #2 above, if businesses need more computer programmers than are currently available, the resultant wage increase will serve a positive purpose: it will increase the supply of programmers by encouraging more people to become programmers. Similarly, if consumers want to buy more steak than is presently on the market, the price of steak will rise, encouraging producers to increase the supply of steak. Thus, changes in prices (including price increases) also play an important role in making the economic system operate effectively, by adjusting supply to demand. If prices could not change, the economic system would be unable to adjust to changes in demand.

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Bank of Canada

Wednesday, June 29th, 2011


Bank of Canada governor Mark Carney has signalled he will move cautiously on future interest-rate hikes, given the growing and difficult challenges facing the world’s economic system.

In a speech full of red flags for the world’s recovery, Carney told international business leaders in Calgary that the world is in need of major reforms and that adjustments will be wrenching.

“The fact is we’re three years in to the global financial crisis and its dynamics still dominate the economic outlook,” Carney told the forum.

“In particular, broad forces of bank, household and sovereignty leveraging can be expected to add to the variability and temper the pace of global economic growth in the years ahead,” he said.

In addition, he made it clear that he was concerned about the weak U.S. economy, noting it could have “important implications” for Canada’s future growth.

“In this environment, the bank will have to chart a careful course for Canadian monetary policy,” he said.

“Any further reduction in monetary policy stimulus would need to be carefully considered in light of the unusual uncertainty surrounding the outlook,” he added, repeating the same language he used when he hiked the bank’s overnight rate a further quarter point to one percent.

It was the third successive rate hike since June and put the Canadian central bank alone among the Group of Seven economies on a path of withdrawing monetary stimulus.

The address, part of a panel discussion focusing on the upcoming G20 summit in South Korea, was as gloomy as Carney has been in some time about the difficulties facing the global economic and financial systems and efforts to address them.

“The question is whether to change the system or to change policies to be consistent with the current system. There’s no miracle cure,” said Carney.

“Faith is required but not in some barbarous relic like gold or utopian global central bank. Rather countries must restore their faith in the adjustment process under the current international monetary system.”

Carney said both the International Monetary Fund and G7 institutions have proven wanting and the jury is still out on the new, bigger G20 process.

He was especially critical of emerging economies such as China, which have yet to make adjustments made so far, he said, have come from advanced economies in efforts to rein in spending.

“Measures that have actually been implemented have been consistent with the deflation path. While the…right promises have been made, conviction is required,” he said.

“Without the successful completion of the G20 reforms, the current recovery is at risk.”

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The Money Supply and Price Levels

Tuesday, November 3rd, 2009


Inflation

The consequences of inflation are pretty well the reverse of those produced by deflation. When prices rise, business men enjoy windfall profit through the appreciation in the market value of their assets. The business outlook tends to appear hopeful so that business men generally are anxious to enlarge their plant capacity. Employment and production tend to rise. (Unless of course they are already as high as can be.) Debtors gain relief because of the fall in the real value of their debts and their interest obligations. Their gain is the creditors’ loss.

The decline in the purchasing power of money imposes losses on people who hold their wealth in the form of cash or fixed value securities. Persons on fixed incomes, such as pensioners and the recipients of insurance benefits, suffer a decline in real income. If it becomes perpetual or severe, inflation may produce a general disruption of the economic system. If the purchasing power of money falls steadily, lenders are likely to insist on inordinately high rates of interest, to compensate for the prospective decline in the real value of the of the sums which they will receive each year as interest, and the prospective decline in the real value of the principal when it is repaid. If the purchasing power of money falls very rapidly, people may refuse altogether to accept it in payment for goods or services. They know that when they come to spend the money offered to them, it will be worth less than it is currently worth. In such cases money can no longer perform its role as medium of exchange; transactions must be carried out on the clumsy and wasteful basis of barter.

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Keynesian Policies to Stabilize the Economy

Friday, August 14th, 2009


To stabilize the economy the government must spend more than it takes in in tax revenues, or run a “budget deficit.” This was considered unthinkable among orthodox economists, for whom the idea of always balancing the budget (keeping expenditures and tax revenues equal) was sacred.

     Keyenes’ new ideas concerning the role of the government in the economy created a furor in academic, business and government circles. Conservative thinkers saw his ideas as a radical (perhaps even communistic) threat to the free-enterprise system. To others, his theories represented perhaps the only way to save the economic system from its own self-destructive tendency toward depressions.

     While controversy and uncertainty prevented Keynes’ proposed policies from being used significantly in the 1930′s, the outbreak of the Second World War after 1939 forced governments to increase their spending dramatically without offsetting increases in taxes, that is to have large budget deficits. The economic results were equally dramatic, as the economy recovered quickly and unemployment virtually disappeared. For many, the debate had been won – not by theories, but by actual experience.

     After the Second World War ended in 1945, a new philosophy concerning the role of the government in the economy developed. “Keynesian” economics, introduced against considerable conservative opposition into university programs, became the basis for the acceptance by government of its responsibility for the level of employment in the economy. In its 1945 White Paper on Employment and Incomes, the federal government accepted responsibility for maintaining a “high and stable level of employment” in the economy and stated that “The Government will be prepared in periods when unemployment threatens to incur the deficits…resulting from its employment and income policy, whether that policy in the circumstances is best applied through increased expenditures or reduced taxation.” Laissez faire had been abandoned; the government had become committed to influencing the direction of the entire economy.

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