In this chapter we have considered the nature of the “business sector” of the economy, which produces the supply of goods and services. In Chapters 6 through 10, we will see how supply and demand interact to determine prices. This task is complicated somewhat by the fact that supply – the production of goods and services by businesses – occurs under various conditions, ranging from industries comprised of large numbers of small firms to industries dominated by a few large firms to industries in which there is only one producer (a monopoly). These different conditions – referred to as “market structures” by economists – are of great significance to the supply of goods and services. If there is only one firm in an industry (a monopoly), it is in a position to control the supply of the product, thereby raising the price of the product and increasing its profits. In industries dominated by a few large firms, it is sometimes possible for these firms to get together to avoid competing on prices and thus increase their profits. On the other hand, in industries in which there are a large number of small firms, such collective action is very difficult or impossible to achieve; as a result, competition in such industries tends to be more intense, ad profits lower, than in either of the first two cases. In Chapter 6, we will examine the concept of “demand,” then in Chapter 7, we will begin our examination of “supply” (and its interactions with “demand”) in those industries in which there are a large number of small firms – industries that economists call “competitive”.
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