Posts Tagged ‘Canadian Banks’

The 1980 Revision of the Bank Act

Sunday, May 15th, 2011


The legislation governing banking in Canada is the Bank Act, which is revised every ten years. Some of the highlights of the 1980 revision of the Bank Act were as follows:

(a) A reduction in reserve requirements, from 4 percent on notice deposits to 3 percent and 10 percent respectively, with the first  $500 million of notice deposits requiring only 2 percent and coins to be included as reserves. The effect of this change was to reduce the reserve requirements by about one-fifth, over a period of three-and-a-half years.

(b) An additional reserve requirement of 3 percent of foreign currency deposits held by Canadians in bank branches in Canada. In late 1980, these deposits totalled $12.5 billion.

(c) Several changes affecting foreign banks operating in Canada. Foreign banks, operating largely outside the requirements of the Bank Act, represented an increasing source of competition for Canadian banks – from 1974 to 1980, their assets had risen from $1.3 billion to $8.2 billion. Under the 1980 Bank Act revisions, the total size of foreign banks in Canada would be controlled by a requirement that their total Canadian.

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Banker Preference for Early Maturing Securities

Friday, December 4th, 2009


But there is the danger that when the banker decides to sell his securities the prevailing market price will be unfavorable, and that he will be obliged to accept a price lower than the one he himself paid for them. The fact is that the market price of bonds shifts about constantly, in accordance with shifts of supply and demand. The face value of a bond, the amount which the bondholder is to receive on its maturity, never changes, but he will only receive that sum at the time specified as the redemption date. If he wishes to sell the bond before then, he must sell it in the market for whatever price investors are prepared to pay. That price will reflect the prevailing demand and supply situation, and may be substantially above or below the bond’s face value.

In the case of bonds which are due to be redeemed in the near future, the divergence between market price and face value is unlikely to be large. Very soon the bondholder will receive the face value, and he would be unwilling to sell now for very much less. In the case of bonds which are due for redemption only in the distant future, however, the divergence between market price and face value may be very great. There is no assurance that the holder will soon receive a specified amount of money for the bond; for a long time to come its market price will be determined by the vagaries of demand and supply.

To avoid the possibility of having to sell securities at a heavy loss, banks prefer to hold those which will mature within a year or two. Because of the proximity of their redemption dates, the prices of such bonds cannot diverge too greatly from their respective face values. The banks, therefore, generally prefer to purchase short term bonds, or long term bonds which were issued a long time before, and are therefore due to mature in the near future. Canadian banks also purchase large quantities of federal government Treasury Bills, most of which have a maturity period of only 91 days.

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Lending by Canadian Banks

Saturday, November 21st, 2009


     Present legislation requires Canadian chartered banks to keep a reserve ratio amounting to at least eight percent of their Canadian deposit liabilities. They can, accordingly, lend out ninety-two percent of money deposited with them. As their cash reserve the chartered banks may consider the actual currency which they hold (Bank of Canada notes), plus deposits which they have in the Bank of Canada.

     In accordance with British practice, Canadian banks have concentrated on short term loans, of less than one year’s duration. They favour the loan which finances a business operation which, within a matter of weeks or months, will yield to the borrower the money he requires to repay the loan. In this category are loans to merchants to purchase goods which they will soon sell; loans to manufacturers to purchase raw materials which they will shortly transform into finished products which they will market; loans to farmers in the spring for the purchase of seed, fuel, and the like, to enable them to produce a crop which they will harvest and sell in the fall. Our banks also lend money, for short periods, to governments, organizations and private individuals. They also lend substantial sums to investment dealers and stock brokers to enable them to purchase stocks and bonds for clients or for themselves. Only in limited degree do they make loans to finance the purchase of machinery, equipment, land and buildings, since such loans can normally be repaid only after a period years. Federal legislation has contributed to this reluctance by expressly prohibiting banks from making loans upon the security of real estate.

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