Posts Tagged ‘Canada’

The Balance of Payments and the Exchange Rate

Wednesday, February 1st, 2012


As we have seen, foreign exchange markets, in which the currencies of various nations are bought and sold, resemble a tug of war between each nations receipts (which push the international price of its currency up) and its payments (which push the international price of its currency down). There are three possible situations regarding a nation’s Balance of Payments and the international value of its currency, which are:

  1. a Balance of Payments deficit, when payments exceed receipts,
  2. a Balance of Payments surplus, when receipts exceed payments, and
  3. equilibrium in the Balance of Payments, with payments equal to receipts

Using Canada as an example, we will examine the results of each of these situations.

 

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How a Floating Exchange Rate Operates with a Balance of Payments Deficit

Thursday, December 29th, 2011


In a deficit situation, the adjustments are the opposite of those described. Suppose Canada develops a Balance of Payments deficit (say, due to increased imports of foreign goods). This increase in offers to sell Canadian dollars will cause the international value of the Canadian dollar to fall, say, to  $0.98 US from its original level of $1.00 US.

This decrease in the price of the Canadian dollar will cause the automatic adjustment mechanism referred to earlier to operate in the opposite direction.

 

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How a Floating Exchange Rate Operates with a Balance of Payments Surplus

Sunday, December 25th, 2011


Suppose Canada is operating on a floating exchange rate system, with the international value of the Canadian dollar at $1.00 US, when Canada develops a Balance of Payments surplus (say, due to increased exports of natural resources). As noted earlier, the Balance of Payments surplus will cause the international price of the Canadian dollar to rise, say, to $1.04 US.

This increase in the price of the Canadian dollar will set into motion and automatic adjustment mechanism, which will tend to eliminate the Balance of Payments surplus. Because the Canadian dollar is more costly to foreigner Canada’s receipts will fall: foreigners will buy fewer Canadian goods, travel less to Canada, and invest less in Canada. Also, because the international value of the Canadian dollar has risen, it will buy more foreign currency than before, making it less costly for Canadians to buy, travel and invest in other nations. As Canadians increase their purchases of imports and then traveling to and investing in other nations, Canada’s payments will rise. With receipts falling and payments rising, the Original Balance of Payments surplus will tend to disappear, with the international value of the Canadian dollar having moved to a new, higher equilibrium level which is more consistent with the high demand for Canadian exports.

 

 

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A Balance of Payments Deficit

Wednesday, December 21st, 2011


If Canada has a Balance of Payments deficit, Canada’s payments (offers to sell Canadian dollars) exceed her receipts (offers to buy Canadian dollars). As a result, the supply of Canadian dollars in foreign exchange markets will exceed the demand for Canadian dollars, and the international price of the Canadian dollar will fall. An example of such a situation is 1974-75, when Canadian exports slumped and a large deficit move (“float”) up and down as the supply of and demand for its change, it said to be operating on a floating exchange rate system.

In the following, we will examine how a system of floating exchange rates, or currency prices, operates, under conditions of (a) a Balance of Payments surplus and (b) a Balance of Payments deficit.

 

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The Balance of Payments and the Exchange Rate

Saturday, December 17th, 2011


As we have seen, foreign exchange markets, in which the currencies of various nations are bought and sold, resemble a tug of war between each nation’s receipts (which push the international price of its currency up) and its payments (which push the international price of its currency down). There are three possible situations regarding a nation’s Balance of Payments and the international value of its currency, which are:

(a) a Balance of Payments deficit, when payments exceed receipts,

(b) a Balance of Payments surplus, when receipts exceed payments, and

(c) equilibrium in the Balance of Payments, with payments equal to receipts

Using Canada as an example, we will examine the results of each of these situations.

 

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