Posts Tagged ‘Bondholder’

Common Shareholders’ Claim to Income

Friday, May 27th, 2011


Fact that preferred shareholders rank behind debtholders in the event of liquidation makes the presence of preferred shares, rather than more debt, of great value to the corporate lenders.

To understand the rights and characteristics of the different means of financing, we examine the powers accorded to shareholders under each arrangement. In the case of common stock, everything revolves around three key rights, namely, the residual claim to income, the voting right, and the right to purchase new shares. We examine each of these in detail and then consider the rights of preferred shareholders.

All income that is not paid out to creditors or preferred shareholders automatically belongs to common shareholders. Thus we say they have a residual claim to income. This is true regardless of whether these residual funds are paid out in dividends or retained in the corporation. Take, for example, a firm that earns $10 million available for common shareholders. Perhaps half of that will be paid out as common stock dividends. The balance will be reinvested in the business for the benefit of shareholders, with the hope of providing even greater income, dividends, and price appreciation in the future.

Realize, though, that the common shareholder does not have a legal or enforceable claim to dividends. Whereas a bondholder may force the corporation into bankruptcy for failure to make interest payments, common shareholders must accept circumstances as they are or attempt to change management if they desire a new dividend policy.

Occasionally a company has more than one class of common stock outstanding, carrying different rights and privileges. For example, Bombardier Inc. Class B shares have a higher dividend than Class A shares, but the Class B shares’ voting privileges are restricted. A somewhat recent innovation has come from General Motors Corporation in relation to two acquisitions. In October 1984 GM acquired Electronic Data Systems for cash and General Motors Class E common stock (total value, $2.5 billion), and in 1985 GM acquired Hughes Aircraft for cash and Class H common stock (total value, $5.8 billion). The dividends on the Class E stock are based on the income generated by EDS, and the dividends on the Class H stock are based on the earnings of Hughes Aircraft. While General Motors Class E and H shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, only the regular common GM common shares trade on Canadian markets as yet.

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Banker Preference for Early Maturing Securities

Friday, December 4th, 2009


But there is the danger that when the banker decides to sell his securities the prevailing market price will be unfavorable, and that he will be obliged to accept a price lower than the one he himself paid for them. The fact is that the market price of bonds shifts about constantly, in accordance with shifts of supply and demand. The face value of a bond, the amount which the bondholder is to receive on its maturity, never changes, but he will only receive that sum at the time specified as the redemption date. If he wishes to sell the bond before then, he must sell it in the market for whatever price investors are prepared to pay. That price will reflect the prevailing demand and supply situation, and may be substantially above or below the bond’s face value.

In the case of bonds which are due to be redeemed in the near future, the divergence between market price and face value is unlikely to be large. Very soon the bondholder will receive the face value, and he would be unwilling to sell now for very much less. In the case of bonds which are due for redemption only in the distant future, however, the divergence between market price and face value may be very great. There is no assurance that the holder will soon receive a specified amount of money for the bond; for a long time to come its market price will be determined by the vagaries of demand and supply.

To avoid the possibility of having to sell securities at a heavy loss, banks prefer to hold those which will mature within a year or two. Because of the proximity of their redemption dates, the prices of such bonds cannot diverge too greatly from their respective face values. The banks, therefore, generally prefer to purchase short term bonds, or long term bonds which were issued a long time before, and are therefore due to mature in the near future. Canadian banks also purchase large quantities of federal government Treasury Bills, most of which have a maturity period of only 91 days.

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