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The TIP Program

Tuesday, March 6th, 2012


A similar approach could possibly be used regarding prices or profit margins, the intent being to use tax incentives to moderate people’s behavior. In theory, this “carrot and stick” approach would curb cost-push inflation by providing incentives to people and businesses to moderate their wage and price increases. In fact, people would gain economically by accepting smaller wage increases, due to the tax advantages of doing so. After a decade of futile attempts to curb inflation, the TIP proposal attracted considerable favorable attention, and appeared to be the most likely variant of controls to be attempted in the 1980′s.

The concept of TIP is attractive. However, its application in reality, and especially to the Canadian economy, leaves many unanswered questions. How could TIP (or any policy) hold down prices when such a high proportion of Canadian consumer goods is imported, and oil and energy prices are rising dramatically as in the early 1980′s? Thus, TIP like the AIB, would likely have the effect of holding down wages more effectively than prices. However, to provide enough incentives for people to hold down their wages in the face of rapidly rising prices would require that the government give significant tax reductions to workers, which would require significant reductions in federal income tax revenues. What effect would these have on an already very large federal budget deficit, and how would the increase in the budget deficit (estimated modestly at $3 billion per year in the early 1980′s) be financed? Since it would be foolish to increase the money supply, considerable amounts of Canadians’ savings would have to be diverted from capital investment and borrowed instead by the government. If, on the other hand, the TIP program were to stress tax penalties for those who increased wages or prices excessively, how would it overcome the problem of evasion that is associated with any controls program, especially with respect to prices?

An internal finance department document was reported as advising the government that TIP would be an administrative nightmare if applied to all workers and all companies, and unfair if it did not. The finance department pointed out that existing personal and corporate income tax forms did not provide adequate information for administering a TIP program, so that new federal bureaucracy would have to be established, with extensive compulsory reporting requirements such as those that generated severe problems with the Anti-Inflation Board from 1976 to 1978. Also, the report expressed concern that if the TIP program penalized employers for granting excessive wage increases in order to stiffen management resistance to unions, the result could be a deterioration in labor-management relations and more strikes.

Thus, the TIP proposals do not represent a simple answer to the problem of inflation, and, if adopted, are unlikely to live up to the high expectations that many observers seem to hold for them. Nevertheless, the fight against inflation has proven so long, and so frustrating, that it seems likely that some variant of TIP will be attempted, for want of a more attractive alternative.

 

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The Operation of the Accelerator

Friday, March 2nd, 2012


forex 300x218 The Operation of the Accelerator

Capital equipment, so that a mere slowdown in consumer spending causes a drastic decline in “induced investment.” Thus, induced investment is a particularly fragile component of investment spending – for induced investment to be merely maintained, consumer spending must keep rising continuously. And, when consumer spending merely slows down or levels off, induced investment will fall sharply.

Ironically, in year 19*3 of Figure 8-10, consumer spending, while barely rising, is nonetheless at record-high levels, whereas induced investment has declined sharply from its previous levels. This helps explain why, while the economy in general (“consumer spending” on the graph) is prosperous, there can be a serious slump simply because consumption spending isn’t rising fast enough. As a result, induced investment is very unstable. This is one reason why capital-goods industries tend to experience “feast or famine” cycles, and one further reason why the economy tends to experience ups and downs. To aggravate the situation even further, the decline in induced investment can drag the level of consumption spending down with it, via the multiplier effect.

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The Accelerator Effect

Sunday, February 26th, 2012


The multiplier effect which we have just examined shows how an increase in investment spending can generate increases in consumer spending by means of the respending effect. The “accelerator” effect operates in the other direction, in that increases in consumer spending can also generate increases in investment spending, as businesses increase their productive capacity in order to meet the rising level of consumer demand.

Rising consumer spending will not always cause investment spending to rise. During a recession, when a business may be operating at only 80 percent of capacity, an increase in consumer demand will not cause it to invest in new plant and equipment, because it has idle capacity that can be used to increase output. However, when rising consumer demand pushes output to near-capacity levels, further increases in consumer spending will cause an increase in investment spending in order to increase capacity to meet the anticipated increase in demand. When rising consumer spending causes increases in investment spending in this way, the resultant investment is called induced investment, and the effect on the economy is called the “accelerator.”

Consequently, when there is an economic boom in which many industries are operating near their capacity levels of output, increases in consumer spending will kick off a surge of investment spending, which will create a great boom in the capital-goods industries (construction, machinery, steel, building materials, and so on).

However, this boom in the capital-goods industries may well prove to be temporary. Manufacturers will now have enough capital equipment for their present level of consumer sales, and will not order any more new capital equipment unless consumer spending (that is, manufacturers’ sales) increases further.

 
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The Multiplier and Economic Stability

Wednesday, February 22nd, 2012


The multiplier effect is a major contributor to economic instability, because it significantly increases the impact of any fluctuation in spending on the economy. For instance, using the Canadian multiplier of 1.6, fluctuations in investment spending (or any other type of spending) of a magnitude of $5 billion will cause the GNP to fluctuate by about $8 billion. Thus, the multiplier effect helps to explain how relatively small fluctuations in investment spending can cause GNP and the economy in general to fluctuate by a considerably larger amount.
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The Downward Multiplier

Friday, February 17th, 2012


So far, we have applied the multiplier only to increases in investment spending. However, the multiplier also works in reverse. Suppose that investment spending fell from its previous level. This would reduce incomes by the same amount, with the result that spending would be cut back. These spending cuts would reduce other incomes, which would cause further spending cuts, and so on. This process is known as the “downward multiplier. Obviously, it can contribute  seriously to recessions and depressions, by nearly doubling the economic impact of reductions in investment spending. Thus, with a multiplier of 1.6, a reduction in investment of $3.0 billion would lead to a $4.8 billion decline in GNP.

 

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The Canadian Multiplier

Monday, February 13th, 2012


In the Canadian economy, the multiplier tends to be smaller than in the above examples, due mostly to the large proportion of income spent on imports (another “leakage”) from the Canadian economy). The Economic Council of Canada has estimated that, for government spending on capital formation (such as public works projects), the size of the multiplier is 1.6 over a one-year period. That is, a $1,000,000 increase in expenditures on public works will boost GNP and total incomes by $1,600,000 over the next year.

 

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